Rujukan Polarisasi politik

  1. ↑ DiMaggio, Paul; Evans, John; Bryson, Bethany (1 November 1996). "Have American's Social Attitudes Become More Polarized?" (PDF). American Journal of Sociology. 102 (3): 690–755. doi:10.1086/230995. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 4 March 2016. Dicapai pada 22 April 2013.
  2. 1 2 3 Baldassarri, Delia; Gelman, Andrew (1 September 2008). "Partisans without Constraint: Political Polarization and Trends in American Public Opinion". American Journal of Sociology. 114 (2): 408–446. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.69.255. doi:10.1086/590649.
  3. 1 2 3 Fiorina, Morris P.; Abrams, Samuel J. (1 June 2008). "Political Polarization in the American Public". Annual Review of Political Science. 11 (1): 563–588. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836.
  4. ↑ Chinn, Sedona; Hart, P. Sol; Soroka, Stuart (February 2020). "Politicization and Polarization in Climate Change News Content, 1985-2017". Science Communication. 42 (1): 119–125. doi:10.1177/1075547019900290.
  5. ↑ Iyengar, Shanto; Lelkes, Yphtach; Levendusky, Matthew; Malhotra, Neil; Westwood, Sean J. (2019). "The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States". Annual Review of Political Science. 22 (1): 129–146. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034. ISSN 1094-2939.
  6. 1 2 3 McCarty, Nolan; Poole, Keith T.; Rosenthal, Howard (2006). Polarized America : the dance of ideology and unequal riches. MIT Press. Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-0262134644.
  7. 1 2 Hetherington, Marc J. (17 February 2009). "Review Article: Putting Polarization in Perspective". British Journal of Political Science. 39 (2): 413. doi:10.1017/S0007123408000501.
  8. 1 2 3 Layman, Geoffrey C.; Carsey, Thomas M.; Horowitz, Juliana Menasce (1 June 2006). "Party Polarization in American Politics: Characteristics, Causes, and Consequences". Annual Review of Political Science. 9 (1): 83–110. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.070204.105138.
  9. 1 2 3 Carmines, E. G.; Ensley, M.J.; Wagner, M.W. (23 October 2012). "Who Fits the Left–Right Divide? Partisan Polarization in the American Electorate". American Behavioral Scientist. 56 (12): 1631–1653. doi:10.1177/0002764212463353.
  10. 1 2 Mann, Thomas E.; Ornstein, Norman J. (2012). It's Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American constitutional system collided with the new politics of extremism. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465031337. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2014-07-05.
  11. ↑ Claassen, R.L.; Highton, B. (9 September 2008). "Policy Polarization among Party Elites and the Significance of Political Awareness in the Mass Public". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3): 538–551. doi:10.1177/1065912908322415.
  12. ↑ "Partisanship and Political Animosity in 2016". Pew Research Center for the People and the Press. 2016-06-22. Dicapai pada 2019-10-26.
  13. ↑ García-Guadilla, María Pilar; Mallen, Ana (2019-01-01). "Polarization, Participatory Democracy, and Democratic Erosion in Venezuela's Twenty-First Century Socialism". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 681 (1): 62–77. doi:10.1177/0002716218817733. ISSN 0002-7162.
  14. ↑ Iyengar, Shanto; Lelkes, Yphtach; Levendusky, Matthew; Malhotra, Neil; Westwood, Sean J. (2019-05-11). "The Origins and Consequences of Affective Polarization in the United States". Annual Review of Political Science (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 22 (1): 129–146. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034. ISSN 1094-2939.
  15. 1 2 Hahm, Hyeonho; Hilpert, David; König, Thomas (2022-11-07). "Divided by Europe: affective polarisation in the context of European elections". West European Politics. 46 (4): 705–731. doi:10.1080/01402382.2022.2133277. ISSN 0140-2382.
  16. 1 2 3 Abramowitz, Alan I.; Saunders, Kyle L. (27 March 2008). "Is Polarization a Myth?". The Journal of Politics. 70 (2): 542. doi:10.1017/S0022381608080493.
  17. ↑ Bafumi, Joseph; Shapiro, Robert Y. (27 January 2009). "A New Partisan Voter" (PDF). The Journal of Politics. 71 (1): 1. doi:10.1017/S0022381608090014.
  18. ↑ Hahm, Hyeonho; Hilpert, David; König, Thomas (2023-03-30). "Divided We Unite: The Nature of Partyism and the Role of Coalition Partnership in Europe". American Political Science Review (dalam bahasa Inggeris): 1–19. doi:10.1017/S0003055423000266. ISSN 0003-0554.
  19. ↑ Nicholson, Stephen P. (1 January 2012). "Polarizing Cues". American Journal of Political Science. 56 (1): 52–66. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00541.x. PMID 22400143.
  20. ↑ Davey, Hampton (1 August 1972). "Polarization and Consensus in Indian Party Politics". Asian Survey. 12 (8): 701–716. doi:10.2307/2643110. JSTOR 2643110.
  21. ↑ La Raja, R.J.; Wiltse, D.L. (13 December 2011). "Don't Blame Donors for Ideological Polarization of Political Parties: Ideological Change and Stability Among Political Contributors, 1972–2008". American Politics Research. 40 (3): 501–530. doi:10.1177/1532673X11429845.
  22. ↑ Tam Cho, Wendy K.; Gimpel, James G. (1 April 2007). "Prospecting for (Campaign) Gold" (PDF). American Journal of Political Science. 51 (2): 255–268. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00249.x.
  23. ↑ Fernbach, Phillip; Rogers, Todd; Fox, Craig; Sloman, Steven (25 April 2013), "Political Extremism Is Supported by an Illusion of Understanding" (PDF), Psychological Science, 24 (6): 939–946, doi:10.1177/0956797612464058, PMID 23620547
  24. ↑ Stephen Hawkins, Daniel Yudkin, Tim Dixon (June 2019). "The Perception Gap". More in Common. Dicapai pada 11 May 2022.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ Renie Anjeh, Isabel Doraisamy (April 2022). "The Centre holds". Global Future. Dicapai pada 11 May 2022.
  26. ↑ Fiorina, Morris P.; Samuel A. Abrams; Jeremy C. Pope (2006). Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0321276407.
  27. ↑ Born, Richard (February 1994). "[Split-ticket voters, divided government, and Fiorina's policy-balancing model]: rejoinder". Legislative Studies Quarterly. American Political Science Association. 19 (1): 126–129. doi:10.2307/439804. JSTOR 439804.
  28. ↑ Abramowitz, Alan; Saunders, Kyle L. (July 2005). "Why can't we all just get along? The reality of polarized America" (PDF). The Forum. De Gruyter. 3 (2): 1–22. doi:10.2202/1540-8884.1076. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 2013-10-19.
  29. ↑ Campbell, David E.; Green, John C.; Layman, Geoffrey C. (January 2011). "The party faithful: partisan images, candidate religion, and the electoral impact of party identification". American Journal of Political Science. Wiley. 55 (1): 42–58. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00474.x.
  30. ↑ Layman, Geoffrey C.; Green, John C. (January 2006). "Wars and rumours of wars: the contexts of cultural conflict in American political behaviour". British Journal of Political Science. Cambridge Journals. 36 (1): 61–89. doi:10.1017/S0007123406000044. JSTOR 4092316.
  31. ↑ Brooks, Clem; Manza, Jeff (1 May 2004). "A great divide? Religion and political change in U.S. national elections, 1972–2000" (PDF). The Sociological Quarterly. Wiley. 45 (3): 421–450. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2004.tb02297.x. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 11 June 2010. Dicapai pada 22 April 2013.
  32. ↑ Bhavnani, Ravi; Miodownik, Dan (February 2009). "Ethnic polarization, ethnic salience, and Civil War". Journal of Conflict Resolution. SAGE. 53 (1): 30–49. doi:10.1177/0022002708325945.
  33. ↑ Sisk, Timothy D. (January 1989). "White politics in South Africa: politics under pressure". Africa Today. Indiana University Press. 36 (1): 29–39. JSTOR 4186531.
  34. ↑ Darity, William A. (2009), "Economic theory and racial economic inequality", dalam Dodson (penyunting), The Black condition, East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, m/s. 1–43, ISBN 978-0870138386.
  35. ↑ Sartori, Giovanni (1966). "European political parties: the case of polarized pluralism". Political Parties and Political Development: 137–176. doi:10.1515/9781400875337-006. ISBN 978-1400875337.
  36. ↑ Sartori, Giovanni (1976). Parties and party systems : a framework for analysis (ed. [Nouvelle édition]). Colchester: ECPR. ISBN 978-0954796617.
  37. ↑ Márquez, Laureano; Eduardo, Sanabria (2018). "Llegó la dictablanda". Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro (ed. 1st). Gráficas Pedrazas. m/s. 151. ISBN 978-1-7328777-1-9.
  38. ↑ McKee, SEth C. (March 2008). "The Effects of Redistricting on Voting Behavior in Incumbent U.S. House Elections, 1992–1994". Political Research Quarterly. 61 (1): 122–133. doi:10.1177/1065912907306473. ProQuest 215329960.
  39. ↑ Kousser, J (November 1996). "Estimating the Partisan Consequences of Redistricting Plans – Simply" (PDF). Legislative Studies Quarterly. 21 (4): 521–541. doi:10.2307/440460. JSTOR 440460. ProQuest 60821189.
  40. ↑ Hollander, B.A. (1 March 2008). "Tuning Out or Tuning Elsewhere? Partisanship, Polarization, and Media Migration from 1998 to 2006". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 85 (1): 23–40. doi:10.1177/107769900808500103.
  41. ↑ Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the internet is hiding from you. New York, NY: The Penguin Press.
  42. ↑ Gentzkow, Matthew; Shapiro, Jesse M. (2011-11-01). "Ideological Segregation Online and Offline *" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 126 (4): 1799–1839. doi:10.1093/qje/qjr044. ISSN 0033-5533. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (bantuan)
  43. ↑ Hohenberg, Clemm von; Bernhard; Maes, Michael; Pradelski, Bary S.R. (2017-05-25). "Micro influence and macro dynamics of opinions". SSRN 2974413. Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
  44. ↑ Messing, Solomon; Westwood, Sean (31 Dec 2012). "Selective Exposure in the Age of Social Media". Communication Research. 41 (8): 1042–1063. doi:10.1177/0093650212466406.
  45. 1 2 Dahlgren, Peter M. (2021). "Forced vs. Selective Exposure: Threatening Messages Lead to Anger but Not Dislike of Political Opponents". Journal of Media Psychology. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000302 (Tidak aktif 31 December 2022).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Disember 2022 (link)
  46. ↑ Duhaime, Erik; Apfelbaum, Evan (2017). "Can Information Decrease Political Polarization? Evidence From the U.S. Taxpayer Receipt". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 8 (7): 736. doi:10.1177/1948550616687126.
  47. ↑ Hilbert, M., Ahmed, S., Cho, J., Liu, B., & Luu, J. (2018). Communicating with Algorithms: A Transfer Entropy Analysis of Emotions-based Escapes from Online Echo Chambers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(4), 260–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2018.1479843 ; https://www.martinhilbert.net/communicating-with-algorithms/
  48. ↑ Oscarsson, Henrik; Bergman, Torbjörn; Bergström, Annika; Hellström, Johan (2021). Demokratirådets rapport 2021: polarisering i Sverige. Stockholm: SNS. ISBN 978-9188637567.
  49. ↑ Dahlgren, Peter M. (2020). Media Echo Chambers: Selective Exposure and Confirmation Bias in Media Use, and its Consequences for Political Polarization. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg. ISBN 978-91-88212-95-5.
  50. ↑ Hahm, Hyeonho; Hilpert, David; König, Thomas (2023-03-30). "Divided We Unite: The Nature of Partyism and the Role of Coalition Partnership in Europe". American Political Science Review (dalam bahasa Inggeris): 1–19. doi:10.1017/S0003055423000266. ISSN 0003-0554.
  51. ↑ Epstein, Diana; John D. Graham (2007). "Polarized Politics and Policy Consequences" (PDF). RAND Corporation.
  52. ↑ "Varieties of Democracy Report 2019" (PDF).
  53. ↑ Ridge, Hannah M (2021-01-20). "Just like the others: Party differences, perception, and satisfaction with democracy". Party Politics. 28 (3): 419–430. doi:10.1177/1354068820985193. ISSN 1354-0688.
  54. ↑ Pietro S. Nivola & David W. Brady, penyunting (2006). Red and blue nation? Volume One: characteristics and causes of America's polarized politics. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. ISBN 978-0815760832.
  55. ↑ Pietro S. Nivola & David W. Brady, penyunting (2008). Red and blue nation? Volume Two: Consequences and Correction of America's Polarized Politics (ed. [Online-Ausg.]). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. ISBN 978-0815760801.
  56. ↑ McCoy, Jennifer; Rahman, Tahmina (2016-07-25). "Polarized Democracies in Comparative Perspective: Toward a Conceptual Framework". Cite journal requires |journal= (bantuan)
  57. 1 2 McCoy, Jennifer; Somer, Murat (2019-01-01). "Toward a Theory of Pernicious Polarization and How It Harms Democracies: Comparative Evidence and Possible Remedies". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 681 (1): 234–271. doi:10.1177/0002716218818782. ISSN 0002-7162.
  58. ↑ McCoy, Jennifer; Rahman, Tahmina; Somer, Murat (January 2018). "Polarization and the Global Crisis of Democracy: Common Patterns, Dynamics, and Pernicious Consequences for Democratic Polities". American Behavioral Scientist. 62 (1): 16–42. doi:10.1177/0002764218759576. ISSN 0002-7642.
  59. 1 2 3 Somer, Murat; McCoy, Jennifer (2019-01-01). "Transformations through Polarizations and Global Threats to Democracy". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 681 (1): 8–22. doi:10.1177/0002716218818058. ISSN 0002-7162.
  60. 1 2 and (2019-04-01). "Democracies Divided". Brookings (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2019-11-24.
  61. ↑ Arugay, Slater, Aires, Dan (2019). "Polarizing Figures: Executive Power and Institutional Conflict in Asian Democracies". American Behavioral Scientist. 62: 92–106. doi:10.1177/0002764218759577.
  62. 1 2 LeBas, Adrienne; Munemo, Ngonidzashe (2019-01-01). "Elite Conflict, Compromise, and Enduring Authoritarianism: Polarization in Zimbabwe, 1980–2008". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 681 (1): 209–226. doi:10.1177/0002716218813897. ISSN 0002-7162.
  63. 1 2 Somer, McCoy, Murat, Jennifer (2018). "Deja Vu? Polarization and Endangered Democracies in the 21st Century". American Behavioral Scientist. 62: 3–15. doi:10.1177/0002764218760371.
  64. ↑ Vegetti, Federico (2019-01-01). "The Political Nature of Ideological Polarization: The Case of Hungary". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 681 (1): 78–96. doi:10.1177/0002716218813895. ISSN 0002-7162.
  65. ↑ Schattschneider, E. E. (Elmer Eric) (1975). The semisovereign people: a realist's view of democracy in America. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0030133664.
  66. ↑ Stavrakakis, Yannis (January 2018). "Paradoxes of Polarization: Democracy's Inherent Division and the (Anti-) Populist Challenge". American Behavioral Scientist. 62 (1): 43–58. doi:10.1177/0002764218756924. ISSN 0002-7642.
  67. ↑ Slater, Dan (2013). Diamond, Larry; Kapstein, Ethan B.; Converse, Nathan; Mattlin, Mikael; Phongpaichit, Pasuk; Baker, Chris (penyunting). "Democratic Careening". World Politics. 65 (4): 729–763. doi:10.1017/S0043887113000233. ISSN 0043-8871. JSTOR 42002228.
  68. ↑ Kriesi, Hanspeter (2017). "16. Social movements". Dalam Caramani, Daniele (penyunting). Comparative Politics (ed. 4th). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/hepl/9780198737421.003.0018. ISBN 978-0191851018.
  69. ↑ Campbell, James E. (2016). Polarized. ISBN 978-0691172163.
  70. ↑ Blackwater, Bill (Summer 2016). "Morality and left-wing politics: a case study of Jeremy Corbyn's Labour Party". Renewal. 24 – melalui Gale Literature Resource Center.
  71. ↑ Eaton, George (2018). "Corbynism 2.0". New Statesman. 147.
  72. ↑ Zarkov, Dubravka (2017-06-16). "Populism, polarization and social justice activism". European Journal of Women's Studies. 24 (3): 197–201. doi:10.1177/1350506817713439. ISSN 1350-5068.
  73. ↑ Palonen, Emilia (2009). "Political Polarisation and Populism in Contemporary Hungary". Parliamentary Affairs. 62 (2): 318–334. doi:10.1093/pa/gsn048 – melalui Electronic Journal Center.
  74. ↑ Poço e Almeida, Rafael e Rodrigo (30 January 2021). "Polarização em 2022 e a assimetria que poucos enxergam".
  75. ↑ Schargel and Reis, Sergio e Guilherme (8 February 2023). "LANGUAGE AROUND BRAZIL'S ELECTION OBSCURES A DANGEROUS TREND". Inkstick.

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WikiPedia: Polarisasi politik http://ftp.columbia.edu/cu/alliance/documents/EDF/... http://www.dartmouth.edu/~govt/docs/Abramowitz.pdf http://cho.pol.illinois.edu/wendy/papers/krige.pdf http://educ.jmu.edu/~brysonbp/pubs/PBJ.pdf http://sociology.fas.nyu.edu/docs/IO/3858/A_Great_... http://www.cpc.unc.edu/research/publications/3710 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354068820985193 https://www.nexojornal.com.br/ensaio/2021/Polariza... https://books.google.com/books?id=CQORs1_S2sgC https://books.google.com/books?id=ywr0CcGDNHwC